Complex Social-Ecological Systems:

As you work through this section, make sure you understand the different terms used well enough to use them correctly in your own thinking and writing (feedbacks, system state transition, thresholds, legacy, telecoupling, vulnerability, resilience, and adaptation). Can you identify examples of these outside of the course content?  

More broadly, consider these questions as you go through the material for this week as well as when completing your assignment:

• Do we ever consider the long term effects of our actions in regards to the environment?
• How connected are our lives with the health state of the ecosystems?
• Have we reached the threshold of ecosystem resilience? Or have we ventured into the territory of irreversible damage?

Lesson 3 Checklist

Note: Please refer to the Calendar in Canvas for specific time frames and due dates.

Complex Social-Ecological Systems: 

Complex Social-Ecological Systems is an important way of thinking about Human-Environment interactions, one which many Geographers use in their work. While Complex Social-Ecological Systems approaches are used by researchers in many fields (such as Sustainability Science, Ecology, Environmental Science, and Human Ecology), Geographers have made a central contribution to the theory and methods behind this approach. Complex Social-Ecological Systems also get called Human-Environment Systems, Adaptive Systems and Coupled Human-Natural Systems. They include interlinked "social" systems and "ecological" or "natural" systems. As you will learn in the section, the different components of these systems are complex, integrated systems composed of human society, economy, and a biological ecology.

Complex Social-Ecological Systems

Credit: Complex Social-Ecological Systems by Bronwen Powell [1]
© Penn State University is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 [2]

Positive and Negative Feed-backs:

Feedbacks refer to both an initial action and the resulting environmental reaction in a system. Positive feedbacks increase the magnitude of impact (environmental reaction) of the initial action, destabilizing the system. Melting ice [3] is an example of a positive feedback loop in the environment. On the other hand, negative feedbacks decrease the magnitude of impact (environmental reaction) of the initial action, stabilizing the system. The Carbon Cycle [4] is an example of a negative feedback loop in the environment. 

Schematic illustration of two feedback mechanisms that are important in Earth’s climate system. Each feedback mechanism, as depicted above, may be triggered by either a warming or a cooling; in either case, they trigger an amplifying or countering effect. Note that the positive feedback mechanism, left to its own devices, could lead to runaway cooling and a completely frozen Earth, but positive feedbacks will generally activate negative feedback mechanisms that limit the runaway tendency of positive feedbacks.

Credit: Positive Feedback Mechanism by Dr. David Bice [5], EARTH 103: Earth in the Future
© Penn State University is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 [2]

System State Transition:

System State Transition (also called Regime Shifts) are persistent changes in the structure and function of a system. System state transitions involve changes in both the composition of the system, but also the ways components of systems interact with each other. They are often perceivable to an untrained observed, such as a switch from grassland to forest or vise versa.  

Threshold:

A threshold is a transitional point in one or more key factors or variables that leads to a switch between alternative system states that can be spatial (shifts through space) and temporal (shifts through time). Once a threshold in a given variable is reached, a system state transition is more likely or even unavoidable. In the example of a system state transitions between grasslands and forest there could be a threshold in the amount of precipitation, the frequency of fire or the magnitude of livestock grazing.

Thresholds for conservation and management: structured decision making as a conceptual framework.....

Credit: Figure from: Nichols, J. D., Eaton, M. J., & Martin, J. (2014).

Legacy:

Legacy is the inheritance from anthropogenically induced change to an environmental system. Legacy effects are environmental conditions that result from past human disturbances such as land use and land cover change, fire regime, water diversions, and introduction of non-native species. Legacy effects are important because when we study how a new disturbance or change will impact a system we need to take into consideration the fact that the system may already be undergoing change from a past, sometimes unknown or unseen disturbance.

Resilience:

Resilience is the capability to retain similar structures and functioning after disturbances for continuous development (Lui et al. 2007). The term "Resilience" was first introduced to ecology by C. S. Holling (1973) and defined it as the amount of disturbance that an ecosystem could withstand without changing structure (or going through a system state transition). Other ecologists have defined it as the amount of time needed for an ecosystem to return to a stable state following a disturbance. Resilience of a system can be impacted in positive and negative ways by both human and natural component of social-ecological systems. Human intervention can play a key role in maintaining resilience. 

Vulnerability

There is little agreement around the exact definition or measurement of the concept of “vulnerability”. In the context of social-ecological systems research vulnerability includes the potential for adverse consequences to occur in response to different events. For some "vulnerability" is similar to "risk". “Risk” is a combination of the magnitude of impact or adverse outcomes due to an event, as well as the likelihood that those outcomes will occur. Both the likelihood or an even and the magnitude of impact are shaped by both social and environmental factors. 

Adaptation / Adaptive Capacity

Adaptive systems are able to re-configure without significant changes in crucial functions or declines in ecosystem services. Systems that are not adaptive have constrained options during periods of reorganization and renewal. Adaptive capacity in ecological systems is associated with all types of diversity (genetic, biological, and landscape) and to institutions, knowledge and networks for learning in social systems (The Resilience Alliance [6]).

Telecoupling:

Socioeconomic and environmental interactions between coupled human and natural systems over distances (Liu et al. 2013 [7]). Jack Lui explained “Telecoupling is about connecting both human and natural systems across boundaries. There are new and faster ways of connecting the whole planet -- from big events like earthquakes and floods to tourism, trade, migration, pollution, climate change, flows of information and financial capital, and invasion of animal and plant species.” The prefix “tele” means “at a distance” Liu developed the concept as a way to express one of the often-overwhelming consequences of globalization. Today increased trade, transportation, human movement and global scale environmental change means that an event or phenomenon in one corner of the world can have an impact far away.

Conceptual difference between tele-connections, globalization and telecouplings.

Credit: Liu et al. "Framing Sustainability in a Telecoupled World. [7]" Ecology and Society 18(2): 26, Figure 1 [8], 2013.
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License [9].

Additional Information:

• The Resilience Alliance [10] is a great supplemental resource for more in-depth definitions of the terms and additional concepts listed above. 

Liu, J., Dietz, T., Carpenter, S.R., Alberti, M., Folke, C., Moran, E., Pell, A.N., Deadman, P., Kratz, T., Lubchenco, J. and Ostrom, E., (2007). Complexity of coupled human and natural systems. Science 317 (5844): 1513-1516.

Liu and collaborators discuss the different aspects that define coupled human and natural systems (CHANS) and exemplifies these aspects through six case studies. These case studies help relate how the parts of these systems can be applied to our world around us. CHANS are a relatively new way of studying the connection between humans and the environment because there is rarely crossover between social sciences and ecology.  This expanse into interdisciplinary research between the two fields has provided us an understanding of how our actions as humans can have impacts on ecological systems at all scales. Feedback loops and reciprocal effects go hand in hand to describe the effect of humans on environment and the resulting responses of humans  to those environmental changes. Spatial and temporal thresholds mark substantial changes as humans exploit the resources of ecological systems, disrupting, and therefore shifting, the natural states of these systems. Unlike when we talked about planetary boundaries last week, CHANS does not necessarily mean there will be detrimental effects to an ecosystem. The resilience capability of an ecological system can help retain their structure and function after experiencing some type of disturbance, however human impact can impede resilience. While reading this paper, reflect on the questions posed in the overview to help guide your critical thinking. 

Note: A link to the reading is located in the Lesson 3 module in Canvas.

Required Film:

Arnaquq-Baril, A. (Producer and Writer), with Cross, D. and Moore, B. (Executive Producers). (2016) Angry Inuk. Produced by Unikkaat Studios Inc., in co-production with the National Film Board of Canada, in association with EyeSteelFilm.

Angry Inuk is a documentary made by Inuk woman and film maker Alethea Arnaquq-Baril. Thoughout the film, Arnaquq-Baril illustrates how seal hunting is an integral part of both the Inuk’s economy and way of life. She critiques the tactics of Greenpeace in implementing a ban on seal skin products. Arnaquq-Baril explains how the European ban on seal skins is hurting the Inuk economy, despite exemptions for seal skin products from indigenous subsistence hunting. She then demonstrates how the Inuk are using social media to sway public opinion and protest the European seal skin ban. Arnaquq-Baril also notes that Arctic seal populations are increasing.

As you watch the film, think about what the Inuit Social-Ecological system and the ways the different aspects of Complex Social-Ecological Systems and concepts from the reading this week, apply to this system. 

Angry Inuk

Credit: Film Movement Exclusives

The film is available for free on YOUTUBE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=thzMNIBkqJM [11]