This lesson continues our broad look at the US intelligence community, focusing in on the role of policymakers, the evolution of priorities, and thus the organization of the intelligence community, and, quite importantly, ethical issues in intelligence. We will also zero in on the role and place of GEOINT in the community. This is another heavy reading week, with more of those quizzes you are learning to love. Once again, we are going to leverage the knowledge and experience of Mark Lowenthal and his textbook Intelligence: From Secrets to Policy. We are also going to examine NGA's foundational doctrinal manual: NGA Publication 1.0 Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT) Basic Doctrine, published in April 2018 (link listed under Required Readings). Government doctrinal publications are authoritative in that they provide official definitions, delineate roles and responsibilities, and articulate techniques, procedures, and processes. Much of the underlying authority for doctrine comes from US federal law, as codified in the US Code. Recognize, however, that in the US, "doctrine is not dogma." In other words, doctrine is a guide that coordinates the efforts of agencies and provides guidance on how to conduct business, but operational variation from doctrine is allowed as long as one does not violate the law and is successful.

My teaching approach this week is the same as last week in that you have to read four chapters from the textbook and scan NGA Pub 1.0. I want you to read the book in conjunction with the online lesson. I will provide a brief pre-read commentary for each chapter that asks you to contemplate several questions as you read and provides some other perspectives for comparison. At the end of this module you can take Lesson 5 - GRADED Quiz (#4) one time for your lesson grade. 

I suggest that if you have the time, you read the rest of Lowenthal's book. The chapters I did not assign on Counterintelligence, Covert Action, Oversight and Accountability, and Foreign Intelligence Services make for fascinating reading.

Lesson Objectives

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

• identify the relationship of policymakers and intelligence professionals (Chapter 9);
• recognize the impact and legacy of the Cold War on the US intelligence community (focusing on the role of imagery analysis) (Chapter 12);
• indicate examples of the new intelligence agenda in the Post Cold War/September 11 Era, and discuss the impact of new challenges on the geospatial intelligence community (Chapter 12);
• examine Lowenthal's insider views on "Ethical and Moral Issues in Intelligence" (Chapter 13);
• recognize efforts at intelligence reform, focusing on possible impacts on the geospatial intelligence community (Chapter 14);
• recognize the evolving role of the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency (NGA) in the context of the overall role of geospatial intelligence in support of US national security (NGA Pub 1.0).

Lesson 5 will take us one week to complete. Please refer to the Calendar in Canvas for specific time frames and due dates. Specific directions for the assignments below can be found within this lesson.

It is important that you understand the doctrinal underpinnings of the premier GEOINT organization in the US and perhaps the world.

Required Reading

1. Read the NGA (National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency) fact sheet [1].
2. Read NGA Publication 1.0 National System for Geospatial Intelligence: Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT) Basic Doctrine (STUDY the Introduction on pages 5-6). The reading can be accessed from the Lesson 5 Checklist [4]. As you read NGA Pub 1.0, do some critical thinking and ask yourself:
   • Why does NGA define GEOINT as it does and what is NGA's agenda in establishing this definition and its role?
   • How does the NGA view differ from Lowenthal's (a CIA type) coverage?
   • How might a Geographic Information Science practitioner conducting GEOINT for other than national security purposes (disaster preparedness/response, public health, business intelligence, etc) see the definition and application of GEOINT differently?
3. To improve your understanding of the NGA and the strategy it is charged with implementing, scan the NGA 2015 Strategy. The reading can be accessed from the Lesson 5 Checklist [4].

To get a flavor for the topic, please take a few minutes (4:46 running time) to view Episode Three, Chapter One of the Geospatial Revolution Series.

Video: Geospatial Revolution / Episode Three, Chapter One: Mapping the Road to Peace (4:46)

Then read the NGA fact sheet above and complete the required readings. If you are really enthusiastic, look over Joint Publication 2-03 Geospatial Intelligence Support to Joint Operations (a link to the Optional Reading is provided below).

Lowenthal notes that most authors and intelligence experts do not consider the policy maker to be part of the intelligence process. Lowenthal disagrees, and that is why he adds two stages to the process. Remember that, according to Lowenthal, "Intelligence refers to information that meets the stated or understood needs of policy makers and has been collected, processed, and narrowed to meet those needs." The needs of policy makers drive intelligence priorities, which will drive the intelligence process, and, very importantly, drive resource allocation. Note also the problems that can arise when the "understood" needs of policy makers are unclear or contentious. To put this another way, the needs of the client policy maker drive the mission and activities of the geospatial intelligence professional. A clear understanding of the client's requirements (which may change over time) is essential to the successful intelligence enterprise.

Now consider how this discussion applies to GEOINT. According to NGA Pub 1.0:

GEOINT can also create a Common Operational Picture (COP) of a specific area by effectively using multiple and advanced sensors, multiple types of data and information (including operations, planning, logistics, etc), as well as multiple intelligence disciplines (INTs) to present a comprehensive visual depiction. This capability provides many advantages for the warfighter, national security policymakers, homeland security personnel, and IC collaborators by precisely locating activities and objects, assessing and discerning the meaning of events, and providing context for decision makers.

In short, GEOINT provides innovative, versatile solutions for meeting today's demanding intelligence requirements and predicting tomorrow's future threat environment. (NGA Pub 1.0 pages 5-6, emphasis added)

NGA Publication 1.0 Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT) Basic Doctrine

This passage points out that NGA provides GEOINT products and support to a wide customer base beyond federal government policy makers as envisioned by Lowenthal. NGA customers also include warfighters (military commanders and their forces engaged in planning and operations), the homeland security community (focused on both terrorism and disaster planning and response—i.e., all hazards preparedness and response), and other domestic and international partners (allies).

Note how Lowenthal’s priorities changed in Chapter 12 between the eighth and ninth additions. He promoted Heath Issues presumably due to the COVID 19 pandemic and concerns over future pandemics. He also made Climate Change its own category. While there are still "climate deniers” out there, the position of the US Government in the Fourth National Climate Assessment [8] is:

This assessment concludes, based on extensive evidence, that it is extremely likely that human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases, are the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century. For the warming over the last century, there is no convincing alternative explanation supported by the extent of the observational evidence.

Highlights of the Findings of the U.S. Global Change Research Program Climate Science Special Report (2017).

The assessment goes on to indicate there will be serious issues for US national security due to global climate change. I’ll let you speculate on why he dropped Peacekeeping Operations from the list.

Video: Revolution in Intelligence Affairs Future Strategic Environment (11:23)

We know from earlier readings that one of the mortal sins in the intelligence business is to politicize intelligence. Consider the perspective of a former CIA analyst in assessing the track record of a former Secretary of Defense (who you will recall controls about 80% of the intelligence assets on a daily basis, and is a major consumer of intelligence products).

Optional Reading

ON THE POLITICIZATION OF INTELLIGENCE [12]

Tomes, Robert. "On the politicization of intelligence"; War on the Rocks, September 29, 2015

Atlantica Scenario Background

[18]

Map of Northern Atlantica Capital Region. Each grid is 1km by 1km. (Click on the map to open a window with an enlarged image of the map).

Credit: Paul Forage.

Background

1. Atlantica is a small pro-Western Eurasian republic. Since gaining their independence from Great Britain in 1985, its people had been living in relative harmony and have enjoyed a fair degree of economic prosperity. Their prosperity was based on a thriving tourist industry, burgeoning trade, and a close relationship with the United States Government and the U.S. Air Force (USAF). The USAF has an important forward operating base and airfield located in the northern part of the country that shares a runway with the international airport. The political and economic core of Atlantica is the capital city of Bridgetown (AKA Bridgeport). The Southern Administrative Region is administered from the main southern city of Southport.
2. This prosperity, however, concealed the underlying political and cultural divisions in the Republic between the ruling majority population in the northern lowlands and its southern highland minorities with their own historical and intensely tribal traditions. Though racially identical, Atlanticans are distinguished by culture, religion, and ethnicity, and separated by artificial political, economic, and educational barriers. This separation is in part due to differences in geography: the northern half has wide plains and fertile fields while the south is mountainous.
3. North Atlanticans have long enjoyed political and economic advantages in the Republic. Atlantican government leaders and politicians, despite their pro-democracy claims, cling to an electoral system that only allows traditional land owners the right to vote, with the result that the majority of seats in the Atlantican Parliament are held by Northern representatives. The Constitution of the Republic excludes minority rights by imposing restrictions on land ownership that result in the disenfranchisement of Southerners. A few Southerners have been able to gain a degree of social status by entering into business arrangements with ethnic Northerners or by marrying into Northern families, though the latter is frowned upon socially and actively discouraged by the Government of the Republic of Atlantica.
4. The long term trend, however, is a slow decline in Northern privilege and increasing Southern representation in the Atlantican Parliament, with a concurrent rise in ethnic and political tensions. The last election in 2009 led to the formation of a minority government. The coalition is led by the long-time ruling Atlantica Renewal Party (ARP) (35% of the popular vote) together with the Conservative Party of Atlantica (CPA) (30%), leaving the ethnic southern New World Party (NWP) in opposition with 35% of the vote. Southern professionals have found themselves out of work or passed over for promotion in favor of their ethnic Northern colleagues. The Republic's security forces, comprised of a small British-trained and US-equipped Army (Army of the Republic of Atlantica) and a National Police Force, are dominated by a Northern officer corps.
5. As long as its economy generated some wealth for all its citizens, the Republic was at relative peace and its government stable. While poor and disenfranchised by the North, South Atlanticans had been enjoying increasing prosperity as a result of recent discoveries of valuable mineral deposits in the highlands.
6. With increasing prosperity and education, Southerners in Atlantica began agitating for more political freedoms, demanding democratic reforms and redress of the basic inequities in Atlantican society. Key demands included:
   • Equity in government and law enforcement hiring,
   • Greater local administrative autonomy for predominantly Southern areas, and
   • Repeal of constitutional restrictions on Southern land ownership.
7. At first the Atlantican Government ignored these demands. This resulted in a popular campaign of non-violent agitation within the Southern community including rallies and protests that garnered international support and wide publicity for the Southern cause. General strikes in Southern mines in September 2011 organized by the New World Party brought the regional economy to a standstill. The Government reacted by mounting a public information campaign and appointed several government committees "to study the legitimate grievances of the Southern minorities." NWP and Southern tribal leaders denounced these actions as little more than window-dressing.
8. Strikes in the mining industry and increasing communal violence prompted a robust response by the Minister for National Security William H. Barfield II. Barfield is a prominent hard-line figure in the CPA, a favorite at Atlantican political rallies, and is extremely popular among the Army and National Police rank and file. Under attack by his critics in Parliament, Atlantican President Anderson appointed Barfield Minister in 2010 to appease Atlantican conservatives and reorganized all security, police, and military forces in the Republic under the Ministry for National Security (MNS).
9. The MNS under the 2010 Security Reform Act changed the position of the national security advisor to the President to an executive ministerial position with full authority over the Atlantican security apparatus "in consultation" with the office of the President. The 2010 Security Reform Act prompted many observers in the United States to decry the emergence of a new "national security state" in the Republic. Atlantican spokesmen responded that these changes merely "streamlined" the Atlantican security apparatus. They claimed that the United States Government and its air base "benefit directly from this enhanced and rationalized security infrastructure."
10. Since 2010, there has been little political or economic improvement since the Atlantican government adopted its hardline policies. Many important Northern-owned mines remained closed in the South. Some local populations are reduced to subsistence livelihoods. There are occasional reports of famine in some tribal areas in south central Atlantica.
11. Some Southern tribesmen have taken up arms and have launched sporadic attacks against Atlantican security forces. They are actively hostile to any outsiders who enter their tribal areas. Government spokespersons refer to these armed groups as "bandits and criminals" who will be "dealt with severely." In retaliation, tribesmen have attacked some Army patrols with landmines and IEDs.
12. Despite the hostility of some traditional tribal leadership, a few humanitarian aid organizations have been successful in entering Southern communities to deliver food aid and medical care. The Government of the Republic of Atlantica and the Army support these efforts reluctantly and only because of pressure from the international community. Some northern Atlanticans believe incorrectly that these aid agencies are sustaining and widening the conflict.
13. In April 2013, a 6.8 degree magnitude (Richter scale) earthquake struck south central Atlantica with devastating results. Initial estimates by international aid workers already in the area count at least 2,000 people killed outright and at least another 5,000 injured and 150 missing. Many villages and hamlets in the area have suffered severe damage rendering many local structures uninhabitable. More than 10,000 people are homeless. Many local schools are damaged and the few hospitals in the region are significantly damaged and operating at only 40% capacity. There is also major damage to the dam that retains a regional reservoir. Large amounts of water are pouring from this dam and there is some danger of flooding. Persistent aftershocks continue to afflict the area, causing wide-spread concern.
14. Because its own emergency management capabilities have been overwhelmed by the magnitude of the disaster, the Government of Atlantica has requested humanitarian assistance from the United States for its earthquake-stricken area. As the United States Government (USG) considers Atlantica an important strategic ally, the U.S. government is organizing a quick response to the humanitarian crisis in part to prevent the situation in the country from becoming more unstable. Atlantican and American planners have divided the afflicted region in South Atlantica into several Areas of Responsibility (AORs). The Atlantican Government has asked the United States to be responsible for organizing and delivering relief efforts to the Atlantican central highlands
15. The Atlantican Government has expressed its gratitude for this humanitarian assistance as the scale of the disaster has overwhelmed its own emergency response capabilities. However, the government is either ambivalent or hostile to external efforts to mediate the internal political crisis and will only accept a limited number of military personnel to operate on its territory. The government welcomes civilian aid workers and emergency personnel and will provide security.

Government Forces

1. United States: Given the simmering conflict in the disaster area, the United States has requested and been given permission to position a small but capable Joint Special Operations Task Force (JSOTF) Quick Reaction Force (QRF) inside Atlantican territory at the USAF facility to provide additional security for U.S. and other humanitarian personnel should the need arise. The U.S. airfield will also serve as a staging area for disaster relief efforts.
2. Atlantican Forces: Elements of the 2nd Bn (SOC) of the 1st Army of the Republic of Atlantica (ARA) are conducting security operations in the AOR. Uniform: Standard US pattern BDUs; SOC ARA does not wear unit insignia. ARA Emblem: Winged "Sword of the Republic" on OD Background. Equipment: US made small arms; M4A1 is the weapon of choice. Significant presence of armed and unarmed Ministry of National Security operators in civilian dress, distinguished only by MNS documentation/identity cards and two-way radios. MNS operators sometimes observed with MP5s. MNS emblem: "Sword of the Republic" on a red background.
3. The United Kingdom has a small operations and security contingent at the US Airbase.

Opposition Forces

1. Small numbers of armed tribesmen and sympathizers are resident in the AOR. Uniform: Tribesmen wear civilian dress. Weapons: small arms, mostly former Eastern-block or captured ARA equipment, some capability for manufacturing bombs, landmines, and improvised explosive devices (IEDs), no known WMD capabilities.
2. Criminal gangs are known to operate in the Southern Highlands. They primarily engage in smuggling alcohol, tobacco, and gasoline. Certain organized crime elements associated with regional organized crime organizations engage in smuggling drugs and weapons, as well as participating in human trafficking.

Neutral Elements

1. IOs/NGOs: Some International Red Cross and additional NGO personnel are conducting HA operations in the affected area.
2. Intermediaries: The Anglican Church of Atlantica is willing to serve as an intermediary between agencies and armed groups in the AOR.

Government of Atlantica COA

1. The Government of Atlantica will continue its effort to eliminate all armed groups and rebuild their country. It is expected to be cooperative with U.S. forces. However, U.S. forces can expect ARA and security forces to resist/deny any direct supervision or observation of their activities. American news services, academics, activists, and several congressional representatives have been critical of the repressive actions taken by Atlantican government and its security forces.
2. A U.S. effort to moderate the Atlantican position and encourage long-term negotiations with the Southern community is the one source of friction between the two governments despite the natural disaster. The Atlantican position is further aggravated by the human rights criticisms of the international press, the UN and international NGOs. The Atlantican Government is grateful, however, for their humanitarian relief efforts as long as they remain "neutral" and do not support the Southern causes.
3. Two NGOs are now present in the Republic - they are International Humanitarian Action and "Rights Without Borders." (RWB). IHA is concerned with relieving the humanitarian crisis and providing aid to all citizens of Atlantica. This equitable approach has generated some conflict with Atlantican security forces on the grounds that IHA should not be, as some Atlanticans describe it, "providing food and medicine to the bandits." There is no evidence that any IHA aid has been misused.
4. RWB is a vocal American and European human rights advocacy group highly critical of the Atlantican government and its security forces. It is also critical of the U.S. Government and U.S. Army for supporting Atlantican security forces. RWB activists have held regular press conferences denouncing ARA actions and have issued a number of high profile calls for a "neutral and impartial" international intervention.
5. So far, the Atlantican government has tolerated the presence of this group in its effort to demonstrate its good will to the United States and the international community, but members of the hard-line CPA have called for the arrest and deportation of RWB personnel in the wake of the Director's statement. Southern civil rights advocates have received death threats from unknown Atlantican groups demanding their withdrawal. As a result, RWB is expected to extend their "protective accompaniment" and "emergency notification network" to Southern civil rights activists. This move will place U.S. civilian nationals in danger as they accompany threatened Southerners 24 hours/day and speak on their behalf to the U.S. and international media. It will also subject U.S. forces to additional public, media, and congressional scrutiny if RWB activates its network. RWB workers, regardless of nationality, may be subject to arrest by Atlantican security forces or attack by Atlantican extremists.

Summary

Yet again, we had a lot of reading this week. Completion of this lesson gives you a basic understanding of issues affecting the US intelligence community. Our four chapters and additional readings covered:

• the role of the policy maker;
• the new intelligence agenda;
• ethical and moral issues in intelligence;
• intelligence reform;
• the NGA and NGS.

Remember once again that what you read in the Lowenthal book was written by a national security insider who is a veteran of the CIA. His personal history and experience give him a particular cultural filter. This lesson included a doctrinal publication, NGA fact sheets, and several articles from media outlets. Your challenge is to be a critical thinker and to use your higher order thinking skills of interpretation, analysis and synthesis, evaluation, inference, explanation, and self-regulation in utilizing the readings.

Final Tasks

Your last challenge this week is to take Lesson 5 - GRADED Quiz (#4) on this week's readings.

Before you move on to Lesson 6, double-check the Lesson 5 Checklist [4] to make sure you have completed all the required activities for this lesson.

Looking Far Ahead........

In Lesson 7, you will be required to complete four Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA) online training courses. Please note that FEMA's Independent Study Exams require a FEMA Student Identification (SID) Number. If you do not yet have a SID, register for one today at FEMA Student Identification System [19]. For directions on how to request an alternative ID number, please see FEMA's Frequently Asked Questions on that same page.

Back to Lesson 5

Before we get too far ahead of ourselves, you have to get through Lesson 5 - GRADED Quiz (#4) successfully. Good Luck!