Geothermal Potential

NARRATOR: Sometimes when Americans hear energy, the next word that comes to mind is crisis. It really doesn't have to be that way. Shirley Jackson, former head of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and now president of one of America's leading technical universities, thinks the United States is actually well-placed.

SHIRLEY JACKSON: Well, the U.S. is lucky because we have such a diversity of climates and diversity of geologies and, in the end, diversity of actual energy sources. And that, in fact, makes us very fortunate compared to other parts of the world. They may have a given source of energy, but they don't have the multiple sources.

NARRATOR: Alaska, like the rest of America, has been addicted to oil. Now, can abundant sustainable options make it America's renewable state? Kodiak Island, Alaska, at 3,600 square miles, is about half the size of New Jersey. Getting around almost always involves a boat, or a plane, or a float-plane that's a bit of both. Kodiak's population is less than 14,000, leaving most of the island undeveloped and natural. That beauty is one of Kodiak's economic assets, bringing tourists to watch bears raising cubs and catching fish. Kodiak's human population also catches salmon, with fish exports providing another key source of jobs and income. The island wants to limit imports of dirty and expensive fossil fuels, and tap natural resources to supply as much clean and locally generated energy as possible.

CLIFF DAVIDSON, CHAIRMAN, KODIAK ELECTRIC ASSOCIATION: Fuel prices, because we live on an island, are very expensive. You know, you learn pretty quickly that you need an alternative.

NARRATOR: Kodiak was the first place in Alaska to make wind power a substantial part of the energy mix, with its three 1.5 megawatt turbines on Pillar Mountain.

DARRON SCOTT, CEO, KODIAK ELECTRIC ASSOCIATION: So getting good quality, low-cost sustainable power is really necessary for the long-term viability of the economy of Alaska.

NARRATOR: Upgrades at the Terror Lake hydroelectric plant, plus plans for three more turbines, leave the KEA co-op confident they can hit 95 percent renewables by 2020. Though Kodiak uses diesel as a backup and during repairs, the wind turbines save the island 800,000 gallons of expensive, imported fuel each year. And this matters to the local business community.

JOHN WHIDDON, GENERAL MANAGER, ISLAND SEAFOODS: This morning, we're offloading pink salmon and red salmon, chum salmon and coho that came from the west side of Kodiak-- it keeps us busy, the plants work 24 hours a day, and it's a very, very big industry for Kodiak.

NARRATOR: This processing plant runs 100 percent on renewable energy, so Kodiak's wind power provides a clean, green marketing hook.

JOHN WHIDDON: The package says sustainable seafood, produced in Kodiak, Alaska, with wind-generated renewable energy.

DARRON SCOTT: You got some folks in the community that are really concerned about price. You know, they just want the lowest cost power at their house or at their business. The wind does that. It's less than 50 percent of the cost of power versus diesel. Then you got folks in the town that are very just, environmentally concerned. And they are incredibly excited because it's a whole lot cleaner than diesel is. And then you've got the majority of folks who want both, which is great as well.

NARRATOR: Kodiak is a genuine island, surrounded by ocean, but vast areas of interior Alaska are also islands of habitation, small communities surrounded by open country and dense forests. Many have no road access, and the only way to transport heavy fuel is via rivers like the Yukon. Bear Ketzler is city manager of Tanana, a remote and mainly native Alaskan village at the confluence of the Yukon and Tanana Rivers.

AL "BEAR" KETZLER, CITY MANAGER, TANANA: 90 percent of our bulk freight that comes in, comes by the barge.

NARRATOR: That includes diesel for the power plant and heating oil for homes. Diesel prices increased 83 percent between 2000 and 2005, and utility costs can sometimes be more than one third of a household's income.

BEAR KETZLER: The increase of energy costs, it jeopardizes everything. It jeopardizes our school, it really jeopardizes the ability for the city to function effectively.

NARRATOR: Communities like Tanana rely on the river for the fish protein that's a large part of a subsistence diet. And the river also provides a cheap and local source of energy.

BEAR KETZLER: We have abundant resources of wood, biomass. Wood that floats down the river, in the spring and the fall time.

NARRATOR: Timber is increasingly replacing oil and diesel in Tanana's communal buildings, like the washeteria, a combination laundromat, public showers and water treatment plant.

DENNIS CHARLEY, CITY OF TANANA, ALASKA: Right now, we don't even need oil, we're just running the whole place off this one wood boiler, which is just amazing.

NARRATOR: Using biomass and solar, the washeteria now uses only one quarter as much heating oil. Instead, the city pays residents to gather sustainable timber, keeping dollars in the local community. And using biomass at the washeteria has proven so cost-effective that the city is planning to install boilers in other public buildings.

BEAR KETZLER: We're going to be one of the first communities on Yukon River that is installing biomass systems on the school. In October of this year we're hoping to have that wood system online, so instead of burning 15,000 gallons of oil throughout this winter, we're hoping to burn about 60 cords of wood. And keep that money local and create a little bit of an economy here.

NARRATOR: The bottom line for Tanana-- savings for the city. Biomass is cheaper, local, cleaner and more sustainable.

BEAR KETZLER Even though we are a very rich state, very blessed to have the oil development that we do have, those days are diminishing. If we're going to make it in rural Alaska, we have to move towards renewable resources. I think we have, you know, less than 10 years to move in that area.

NARRATOR: Winter in Alaska presents extreme challenges. On this January day, it was close to minus 50. Gwen Holdmann is an engineer with the University of Alaska's Center for Energy and Power. She and her husband also raise sled dogs and both are mushers who have raced in the Iditarod. Today's run takes her past the Alaska pipeline, which has transported more than 16 billion barrels of oil since it opened in 1977. Despite the fact that Alaska is rich in fossil fuels, Gwen knows they're limited and expensive. She wants to take advantage of every opportunity to tap renewable energy.

GWEN HOLDMANN: We are an isolated part of the world, and we are still dependent very much on imports, and so becoming more self-reliant on energy is still a real goal here.

NARRATOR: Gwen was part of the team that built the first geothermal power plant in Alaska at Chena hot springs. Bernie Karl runs the Chena Resort and came up with the idea of creating an ice museum from the heat energy of the springs.

BERNIE: Now, you've heard of the Great Wall of China. This is the Great Wall of Chena. There's 800 tons of ice here.

NARRATOR: Bernie is a real American pioneer-- a showman, an entrepreneur, a tinkerer and enthusiast for recycling old machinery because it's cheaper. He and Gwen successfully transformed the hot springs into a geothermal resource that now generates power from lower temperature water than anywhere else on earth.

BERNIE KARL, OWNER, CHENA HOT SPRINGS RESORT: What you're looking at is something that's impossible. I went to the world's best manufacturer of geothermal equipment, and they said, "can't be done". The word can't is not in my vocabulary. 

GWEN HOLDMANN, DIRECTOR, ALASKA CENTER FOR ENERGY AND POWER, UAF: It wasn't obvious at first that it could be done because these are low, really moderate temperatures for geothermal. The water that we're talking about here is about the same as a good hot cup of coffee and generating power from that isn't a trivial thing.

NARRATOR: Normal conditions for mid-winter Chena are 3–4 feet of snow, subzero temperatures, and only a few hours of daylight. Heating and lighting costs were staggeringly high. But now the resort runs year-round, with over 90 percent of its electricity coming from the hot springs. Bernie's latest impossible idea is to use geothermal power to make the resort self-sufficient in food even when it's minus 50 outside.

BERNIE: We have 85 kw of lights in here, high-pressure sodium. We're changing it to 8.5 kw of L.E.D.s. Now, this takes 1one tenth of the electricity.

NARRATOR: For the past 6 years, Chena has hosted a renewable energy fair. One keynote speaker was U.S. Senator Lisa Murkowski.

LISA MURKOWSKI, US SENATOR, ALASKA: I'm a Republican. Republicans by definition are seemingly more conservative. What is more conservative than harnessing what is available and around us in a long-term, sustainable way? We have more renewable opportunities here in Alaska than any other place in the world. We've got incredible river systems. We have 33,000 miles of coastline, the power of the tides, the power of the currents. We have biomass potential.  It is just beyond belief. As diverse and as big and remote and as costly as things are in Alaska, if we can demonstrate that it can be done here, think about the hope that it provides. They'll look at us and say, "Wow, if Alaska can do it, we can do this. We can take control of our energy future."