Time
One of the most difficult concepts to comprehend beginning to study geology is the magnitude of time. Humans live in a relatively fast-paced world consisting of seconds, minutes, hours, day, weeks, months and years. Geology, however, often works on time scales of thousands to hundreds of millions of years, which is hard to imagine but using your imagination is one of the beauties of geology.
Take some time to explore ChronoZoom, a tool being developed by earth scientists at the University of California, Berkeley. This tool puts different time scales in perspective of each other, and within the largest time scale: the universe. The bar along the top shows time in millions of years ago (ma), or thousands of years ago (ka). Because the timeline is in terms of the past, the present is 0 at the far right, while the number of years ago extends to the left. Above the time bar on the top left, you can select the time scale you want to look at Cosmos, Earth, Life, Pre History, and Humanity. From the Cosmos time scale, click on ‘Humanity’ on the top left to get a sense of how briefly humanity has existed in the grand scheme of things.
Now let’s focus on the geologic time scale. In Chronozoom, double-click on the appropriate box within the ‘Earth and Solar System’ box. You’ll see that the length of the geologic time scale extends a little beyond 4500 Ma (or 4.5 billion years), the age of the earth. Most geologists focus on the largest box to the far right, the Phanerozoic Eon, or the last 540 million years. This is because the earth is constantly changing, and finding rocks or environments to study from beyond this time, while not impossible, is difficult.
Now that you have a sense of where geologic time fits into the universe, and where human time fits into geologic time, take a look at this Geologic Time Scale, published by the Geological Society of America (GSA). This chart is read from the bottom right (oldest) to the top left (youngest). In geology, time is always represented by the oldest object of interest (rock, fossil, event) at the bottom, and the youngest at the top. This is because when you examine a sequence of rocks, if there has been no deformation, the oldest rock will be on the bottom, and the youngest will be on the top. This is called the Principle of Superposition, and we’ll talk about it in more detail in a bit.
On the left of each major section (Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic, Precambrian) is a small column that says AGE (Ma). ‘Ma’ means ‘millions of years ago’. The earliest anatomically human remains are somewhere between 90,000 and 190,000 years old, and the oldest recorded human history is 5 thousand years old. Society as we know it kicked off in the Pleistocene epoch, at the very end of this timescale.
To give you a sense of the time scales over which the earth changes, here are some points of interest. See if you can find them on ChronoZoom.
- First single-celled organisms 4 Ga
- Multicellular organisms 3 Ga
- First plant life 700 Ma
- Land animals ~430 Ma
- Dinosaurs went extinct 65 Ma
- Appalachian Mountains stopped growing 220 Ma
- Himalayas began to form 55 Ma
- Earliest hominids (not anatomically modern humans) ~6 Ma
- Eruption of Mt Vesuvius (destruction of Pompeii) 0.0019 Ma (1.9 thousand years ago)
Example of time scales:
- Universe (14 billion years)
- Geologic time (billions of years)
- Mountain building (100 million years)
- Human existence (~100 thousand years)
- Mammals (83 million years)
Stop and think about it
What are a couple of the oldest events you can think of? Where do they fall on this time scale?